An Energy Management System for PV Sources in Standalone and Connected DC Networks Considering Economic, Technical, and Environmental Indices

This research proposes an efficient energy management system for standalone and grid-connected direct current (DC) distribution networks that consider photovoltaic (PV) generation sources. A complete nonlinear programming model is formulated to represent the PV dispatch problem while taking three different objective functions into account. The first function corresponds minimization of operational costs with respect purchasing at terminals substation, including maintenance second reduction expected daily losses regarding all resistive effects lines. third concerns total emissions CO2 atmosphere by substation bus or its equivalent (diesel generator). These are minimized using a single-objective optimization approach through application Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA), which combined matrix hourly power flow formulation works leader–follower operation scheme. Two test feeders composed 27 33 nodes set used in numerical validations. grid adaptation demand curves municipality Capurganá, adapted operating conditions metropolitan area Medellín, i.e., rural major city Colombia. comparison additional combinatorial optimizers (i.e., particle swarm (PSO), multiverse optimizer (MVO), crow search algorithm (CSA)) demonstrates effectiveness robustness proposed optimal sources DC grids considering indices.